Kurgol

Kurgol (Oghuz: Кургол), officially the Republic of Kurgol, is a country situated around the Mongol Sea. It is a parlimentary democracy with the authorities and most departments of the government situated in Нурçехир (Nurshehir). Kurgol is a country bordered by the Second Soviet Union to the north, Khotan almost all around when the Mongol Sea floods, when that happens that country also has a land border with Tangut. The population is just over 9.7 million people and the country is of average wealth.

Prehistory and antiquity
Homo erectus started inhabiting the area around the Mongol sea 850,000 years ago. Modern humans reached Mongolia approximately 40,000 years ago during the Upper Paleolithic. Mongolia was the heartland of many nomadic empires. Mongolian ordos (palaces) were likened to "cities on the move" (Plano Carpini). Neolithic agricultural settlements (c. 5500–3500 BC), such as those at Norovlin, Tamsagbulag, Bayanzag, and Rashaan Khad, predated the introduction of horse-riding nomadism, a pivotal event in the history of Mongolia which became the dominant culture. Horse-riding nomadism has been documented by archeological evidence in Mongolia during the Copper and Bronze Age Afanasevo culture (3500–2500 BC); this culture was active to the Khangai Mountains in Central Mongolia. The wheeled vehicles found in the burials of the Afanasevans have been dated to before 2200 BC.[28] Pastoral nomadism and metalworking became more developed with the later Okunev culture (2nd millennium BC), Andronovo culture (2300–1000 BC) and Karasuk culture (1500–300 BC), culminating with the Iron Age Xiongnu Empire in 209 BC. Monuments of the pre-Xiongnu Bronze Age include deer stones, keregsur kurgans, square slab tombs, and rock paintings.

Although cultivation of crops has continued since the Neolithic, agriculture has always remained medium in scale compared to pastoral nomadism. Agriculture may have first been introduced from the west or arose independently in the region. The population during the Copper Age has been described as mongoloid in the east of what is now Mongolia, and as europoid in the west. Old Tocharians (Yuezhi) and Scythians inhabited Kurgol and sorroundings during the Bronze Age. The mummy of a Scythian warrior, which is believed to be about 2,500 years old, was a 30- to 40-year-old man with blond hair; it was found in the Tuva Republic, and now is kept in the Kurgolian Official Main Museum. As equine nomadism was introduced into Mongolia, the political center of the Eurasian Steppe also shifted to Mongolia, where it remained until the 18th century CE.

Middle ages to early modern history
In the chaos of the late 12th century, a chieftain named Temüjin finally succeeded in uniting the Mongol tribes between Manchuria and around the Mongol Sea. In 1206, he took the title Genghis Khan, and waged a series of military campaigns – renowned for their brutality and ferocity – sweeping through much of Asia, and forming the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous land empire in world history. Under his successors it stretched from present-day Poland in the west to Choson in the east, and from parts of Siberia in the north to the Gulf of Qaribind and Vietnam in the south, covering a very big chunk of land (22% of Earth's total land area) and had a population of over 100 million people (about a quarter of Earth's total population at the time). The emergence of Pax Mongolica also significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia during its height(edited)

After Genghis Khan's death, the empire was subdivided into four kingdoms or Khanates. These eventually became quasi-independent after the Toluid Civil War (1260–1264), which broke out in a battle for power following Möngke Khan's death in 1259. One of the khanates, the "Great Khaanate", consisting of the Mongol homeland and China, became known as the Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present-day Beifong. After more than a century of power, the Yuan was replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368, and the Mongol court fled to the north. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capital, and various other cities. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols under Ayushridar and his general Köke Temür. Tövkhön Monastery built in 1653 by Zanabazar. Here he created the Soyombo script in 1686. After the expulsion of the Yuan dynasty rulers from China, the Mongols continued to rule their homeland, known as the Northern Yuan dynasty. The next centuries were marked by violent power struggles among various factions, notably the Genghisids and the non-Genghisid Oirats, as well as by several Chinese and Tangut invasions (such as the five expeditions led by the Yongle Emperor). In the early 15th century, the Oirads under Esen Tayisi gained the upper hand, and raided China in 1449 in a conflict over Esen's right to pay tribute, capturing the Ming emperor in the process. When Esen was murdered in 1454, the Borjigids regained power.

In the early 16th century, the Tuvan Khanate united the entire Mongol region under the Tuvans. In the mid-16th century, Altan Khan of the Tümed, a grandson of Dayan Khan – but not a hereditary or legitimate Khan – became powerful. He founded Hohhot in 1557. After he met with the Dalai Lama in 1578, he ordered the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism to Mongolia. (It was the second time this had occurred). However, Tengrism would still be a majority, but the Buddhists would be the 2nd largests religion in the region until today. Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the 600,000 or more Dzungar were destroyed by a combination of disease and warfare. Outer Mongolia was given relative autonomy, being administered by the hereditary Genghisid khanates of Tusheet Khan, Setsen Khan, Zasagt Khan and Sain Noyon Khan. The Jebtsundamba Khutuktu of Tuva had immense de facto authority. The Manchu forbade mass Chinese immigration into the area, which allowed the Mongols to keep their culture. The Oirats who migrated to the Volga steppes in Russia became known as Kalmyks. The main trade route during this period was the Tea Road through Siberia; it had permanent stations located every 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 mi), each of which was staffed by 5–30 chosen families. Urga (present-day Ulaanbaatar) benefited greatly from this trade, as it was the only[citation needed] major settlement in Outer Mongolia used as a stopover point by merchants, officials and travelers on the Tea Road.[citation needed]

20th century
The establisment of the Republic of Kurgol dates back to the Russian Civil War. The first idea to create Kurgol would appear in the 1930s, but it would take after Red War 1 for the state to form. Before that, it would be ruled by various nations such as the Mongol Empire, Oirat, Tuva, the Russian Empire, etc.

With the fall of the First Soviet Union in the Red War, Kurgol was led by Karartan Khan (Blackout Khan). However, in 1964, Karartan Khan would die of natural causes (some sources claim it was at the hands of Soviet spies). This caused a series of reforms, and bringing Peljidin Genden in charge. After that, democratic changes would be followed, which Karartan Khan was trying to institute before his death. Elections would happen every 10 years, unless public demand is high enough to make it last only half the time (5 years).

Languages
The official languages of Kurgol is Oghuz and Mongol, and is spoken by 95% of the population. A variety of dialects of Oirat and Buryat and Uyghur are spoken across the country, and there are also some speakers of Mongolic Khamnigan. Mongolian Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community. Today, Oghuz and Mongolian is written using the Cyrillic alphabet in Kurgol, although in the past it was written using the Mongolian script. An official reintroduction of the old script was planned for 1994, but has not taken place as older generations encountered practical difficulties. In early 2015,, the Mongolian government announced plans to use both Cyrillic and the traditional Mongolian script in official documents by 2020. Russian is the most frequently spoken foreign language in Mongolia, followed by English, although English has been gradually replacing Russian as the second language. Korean has gained popularity as tens of thousands of Mongolians work in Choson.

According to the 2010 National Census, among Mongolians aged 15 and above, 59% were Tengri, while 15% were Buddhist. Mongolian shamanism has been widely practised throughout the history of what is now Kurgol, with similar beliefs being common among the nomads of central Asia. They partially gave way to Tibetan Buddhism, but shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and it continues to be practiced.

Religion
The religious make-up has always been majority Tengri until approximately 2007 where a minority has developed and adopted The Dominican Cult, a form of religion originating of Christianity.

According to the 2010 National Census, among Mongolians aged 15 and above, 59% were Tengri, while 15% were Buddhist. Mongolian shamanism has been widely practised throughout the history of what is now Kurgol, with similar beliefs being common among the nomads of central Asia. They partially gave way to Tibetan Buddhism, but shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and it continues to be practiced.

Foreign Relations
Kurgol is not a member of any alliance, but they have good relationships with Turkey due to their cultural ties.

Etymology
The name Kurgol comes from a merging of names of Turkic and Mongol, creating Kurgol.